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Criminal law reforms in progress

• Reforms in progress (index)
• Bill for a new Criminal Procedure Act
• Bill amending the limitation periods for sexual offences committed against minors
• Bill amending section 379.1 of the Criminal Code on driving above the permitted speed
• Bills creating a criminal offence for so-called conversion therapies
• Bill amending the Criminal Code on drug trafficking
• Bill transposing Directive (EU) 2024/1226 on the violation of Union restrictive measures
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• “Summoned by the Investigation Section of the Court of Instance”: What the New Bodies Are
• A Cross-Appeal in Cassation May Raise Autonomous Claims
• A Family Member Has Been Arrested in Spain: What to Do in the First 72 Hours
• A Family Member in Pretrial Detention in Spain: Money, Packages and Visits
• A Private Prosecution (Querella) Was Filed Against Me in Spain: What to Do
• A Sentence That Was Not Yet Final Cannot Be Breached
• A Tax Authority Inspection in Spain: Your Rights and Criminal Defence
• Abuse of a Position of Superiority or Authority: What Spanish Criminal Law Punishes Today
• Abusive Shareholder Resolutions: Article 291 of the Criminal Code
• Accumulation of Sentences in Spain (Art. 988 LECrim): 2026 Guide
• Accused of a Sexual Offence in Spain: Steps and Defence
• Accused of a Tax Crime in Spain? Defence Guide for Taxpayers
• Accused of Assault After a Fight in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Fraud in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Gender Violence in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Misappropriation in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Sexual Assault in Spain: Defence Guide
• Accused of Sharing Intimate Images in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Threats in Spain: What to Do
• Accused of Unfair Administration in Spain: What to Do
• Age of Sexual Consent in Spain: 16 Years
• Aggravated Bodily Harm with a Dangerous Instrument: a Discretionary, Not Automatic, Finding
• Aggravated Fraud and Undue Delay: When a Sentence Reduction Is Available
• Aggravated Robbery of Premises Open to the Public: Opening Hours Are the Key in Spain
• AI and Criminal Law in Spain: Deepfakes, Fraud and New Risks
• AI and Criminal Proceedings: Defences Against Algorithmic Evidence
• Alcohol and sexual consent in Spain: when intoxication turns an encounter into sexual assault (Art. 178 CP)
• Algorithmic Bias in Predictive Justice: How the Defence Challenges a Decision Based on a Biased Model
• Algorithmic Expert Evidence: How AI Is Introduced and Challenged in Criminal Proceedings
• An Executive's Criminal Crisis: How It Is Managed
• Anatomy of Fraud 2026: From the Con Trick to the Crypto Ponzi Scheme
• Animal Cruelty in Spain: When Is It an Offence? Penalties and Defence 2026
• Appealing a Restraining Order in Spain: Deadlines and Arguments (2026)
• Appropriation of property delivered by mistake (Art. 254 CP): what happens with a mistaken bank transfer and when it becomes a crime
• Are Stun Guns or Tasers Legal in Spain?
• Arrested for Gender Violence: The First 24 Hours
• Arrested in Spain, Left the Country: Can I Go Back? (2026)
• Arrested in Spain: A Complete Guide for Foreign Nationals (2026)
• Arrested with Drugs at a Spanish Airport: What to Do and How to Defend It
• Arrested With Drugs in Spain: Rights and Defence Guide 2026
• Art. 138 CP: Homicide in Spain · Penalties of 10-15 Years (2026 Guide)
• Art. 368 CP: Crimes Against Public Health and Drug Trafficking
• Article 100.2 of the Spanish Prison Regulation: Working Outside Without Third Grade
• Article 118 LECrim: the Right of Defence of a Suspect in Spain
• Article 139 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Murder (2026)
• Article 141 of the Spanish Criminal Code: incitement, conspiracy and proposal to commit homicide or murder
• Article 147 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Bodily Harm (2026)
• Article 148 CP: Aggravated Bodily Harm · Weapons and Treachery (2026)
• Article 156 bis Spanish Criminal Code: Organ Trafficking, Offences and Penalties (2026)
• Article 163 Spanish Criminal Code: Unlawful Detention and Kidnapping (2026)
• Article 169 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Threats (2026)
• Article 171 Spanish Criminal Code: Blackmail and Conditional Threats (2026)
• Article 172 bis Spanish Criminal Code: Forced Marriage (2026)
• Article 172 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Coercion (2026)
• Article 197 Spanish Criminal Code: Disclosure of Secrets (2026)
• Article 199 Spanish Criminal Code: Breach of Professional Secrecy · Penalties and Defence (2026)
• Article 202 Spanish Criminal Code: Trespass of a Dwelling — Breaking and Entering (2026)
• Article 234 Criminal Code: Basic Theft · Fine or 6-18 Months (2026)
• Article 235 CP: Aggravated Theft 2026 · Penalties of 1 to 3 Years
• Article 236 of the Criminal Code: Taking Back Your Own Property
• Article 243 CP: the Offence of Extortion in Spain (Penalties & Defence)
• Article 244 of the Criminal Code: Taking and Using Another Person's Vehicle
• Article 246 of the Spanish Criminal Code: altering boundaries and markers
• Article 248 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Fraud (2026)
• Article 250 Spanish Criminal Code: Aggravated Fraud (2026)
• Article 251 Spanish Criminal Code: Improper Fraud (2026)
• Article 252 Spanish Criminal Code: Unfair Administration (2026)
• Article 253 Spanish Criminal Code: Misappropriation (2026)
• Article 254 Criminal Code: Appropriation of Lost Property (2026)
• Article 263 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Criminal Damage (2026)
• Article 264 Spanish Criminal Code: Computer Damage and Sabotage (2026)
• Article 265 of the Spanish Criminal Code: damage to Armed Forces and police property
• Article 301 Spanish Criminal Code: Money Laundering (2026)
• Article 318 bis CP: Facilitating Illegal Immigration (and How It Differs from Trafficking)
• Article 368 Spanish Criminal Code: The Drug Trafficking Offence (2026)
• Article 385 of the Spanish Criminal Code: serious risk to road traffic
• Article 390 Spanish Criminal Code: Document Forgery (2026)
• Article 392 CP: Document Forgery by a Private Individual (Material vs Ideological)
• Article 395 Criminal Code: Forgery of a Private Document (2026)
• Article 404 Spanish Criminal Code: Administrative Malfeasance (2026)
• Article 417 CP: Disclosure of Secrets and Restricted Data by Public Officials
• Article 419 Spanish Criminal Code: The Offence of Bribery (2026)
• Article 451 Spanish Criminal Code: Accessory After the Fact (Encubrimiento) (2026)
• Article 455 Spanish Criminal Code: Taking the Law Into Your Own Hands (2026)
• Article 509 LECrim: Incommunicado Detention and Custody in Spain
• Article 556 Spanish Criminal Code: Resisting Authority and Serious Disobedience (2026)
• Article 557 Spanish Criminal Code: Public Disorder After the 2022 Reform (2026)
• Article 561 of the Spanish Criminal Code: false alarms and hoax emergency calls
• Article 568 Spanish Criminal Code: Possession and Storage of Explosives · Penalties and Defence (2026)
• Article 66 of the Spanish Criminal Code: rules for setting the sentence
• Article 757 LECrim: the scope of the abbreviated procedure in Spain
• Article 779 LECrim: the Order Transforming a Case Into Abbreviated Proceedings
• Article 962 LECrim: the Immediate Trial for a Minor Offence
• Articles 237 and 242 Spanish Criminal Code: Robbery (2026)
• Articles 319 and 320 Spanish Criminal Code: Illegal Building and Planning Malfeasance (2026)
• Articles 351 and 352 Spanish Criminal Code: Arson and Forest Fires (2026)
• Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Proceedings: Evidence, Digital Identity and New Risks (2026 Guide)
• Assault & Bodily Harm: Complete Guide to Penalties & Defence
• Assault on Authority (Art. 550 CP): Penalties and Defence
• Assaulting a Referee in Youth Football: What Offence It Really Is and What Penalties Apply
• Asset Confiscation in Drug Trafficking Cases in Spain (2026)
• Autonomous AI Agents: Who Is Criminally Liable? (2026)
• Bid Rigging in Public Tenders and Auctions in Spain (Art. 262 CP)
• Bigamy and Illegal Marriages (Art. 217 CP) in Spain: Criminal Defence
• Bizum and WhatsApp Scams in Spain: How to Defend Yourself (Victim or Accused)
• Breach of a community-service sentence in Spain: when enforcement actually begins
• Breach of Document Custody by Public Officials in Spain: Arts. 413-416 CP
• Breach of Sentence (Art. 468 CP): Legal Guide and Defence
• Breaching international sanctions (EU, OFAC and UN): the criminal exposure in Spain and how it is defended
• Building without a licence (art. 319 CP): when it stops being a fine and becomes a criminal offence
• Buying a stolen phone in Spain: what Article 298 of the Criminal Code says about receiving stolen goods and how it is defended
• Can I Be Arrested for a Debt? Asset Concealment Explained
• Can I Leave Spain if I Am Under Investigation in a Criminal Case?
• Can Many Weak Clues Add Up to a Conviction? The Logic and Limits of Circumstantial Evidence
• Can You Go to Jail for Debt in Spain? The Legal Truth 2026
• Cannabis Clubs in Spain: Legality and Criminal Risks (2026)
• Cannabis Leaves and Cuttings Fall Outside the Criminal-Law Concept of a Drug
• Cassation Appeal Against a Free Dismissal: Formal Charging as a Prerequisite
• Cassation Interest in Spanish Criminal Appeals (Art. 847.1.b) LECrim)
• Cassation on a Point of Law: Proven Facts Are Untouchable
• Caught at a Breathalyser Checkpoint in Madrid: Legal Steps (2026)
• Caught Shoplifting: How the Fast-Track Trial Works
• CEO Fraud: the Urgent-Transfer Scam in Spain (2026)
• Challenging the Breathalyser: How Drink-Driving Evidence Is Set Aside
• Chemical Submission (GHB, Drink Spiking): Defence After LO 10/2022
• Child Pornography (Art. 189 CP): Criminal Defence
• Child Sextortion in Spain: Legal Protocol (2026)
• Circumstantial Evidence: Conviction Without Direct Proof and the Presumption of Innocence
• Citing the Wrong Article Does Not Cause Prejudice if the Facts Were Clear (STS 321/2026)
• Citizen's Arrest in Spain: Articles 490 and 495 LECrim
• Civil Liability Arising From a Crime in Spain: How to Claim (2026)
• Clearing a Criminal Record as a Foreign National in Spain
• Cocaine Drug-Driving in Spain: When It Is a Crime (Art. 379.2 CP)
• Cocaine Trafficking Penalties in Spain 2026: Complete Guide
• Coercion (Art. 172 CP): A Legal and Real Estate Guide
• Coercion Offence: Complete Legal Guide (2026)
• Community Service Orders: What Happens If You Do Not Comply (or Are Never Called)
• Compensation for Judicial Error: 2.5 Million After 18 Years in Prison
• Compensation for Victims of Violent Crime in Spain (2026)
• Complaint vs. Private Prosecution in Spain: Which Is Better?
• Complete Guide to Technology Offences and Cybercrime
• Compliance 2026: The Mandatory Nature of Algorithmic Auditing
• Computer Fraud in Spain (Art. 249.1.a CP): What It Is and How to Defend It
• Concurrence of Offences in Spain (Arts. 73 to 77 CP): How Sentences Add Up and Where They Stop
• Confession as a Mitigating Circumstance (Art. 21.4 CP): Requirements, Timing and Effect on the Sentence
• Confiscation of the Vehicle and the Instrumentalities of an Offence in Spain: When It Applies and How to Oppose It
• Confrontation as Evidence in Spanish Criminal Procedure (2026)
• Constitutional Appeal (Recurso de Amparo) in Criminal Cases: When and How
• Consular Assistance for a Detained or Investigated Foreigner: What Your Consulate Does (and Does Not)
• Continued Offence in Sexual Assault Cases Where Dates Cannot Be Specified
• Continuing Offence (Art. 74 CP): When Several Acts Are Punished as One
• Contract Breach and Private-Sector Corruption in Spain: Where the Criminal Line Is Drawn
• Conviction for Sexual Assault on Minors Based on Sole Testimony of the Victim
• Coordinating Criminal Defence with the Communications Agency Without Breaching Professional Secrecy
• Corporate AI Criminal Risk in Spain: The EU AI Act and Compliance
• Corporate Crimes: Unfaithful Management and False Accounting
• Corporate Criminal Liability (Art. 31 bis CP) in Spain
• Corporate Disloyal Management and Single Insured Event: the Supreme Court Caps the Insurer's Liability
• Corporate Greenwashing: When Ecological Marketing Becomes Fraud
• Corruption of Minors: The Offence of Art. 189 CP (2026)
• Court Driving Disqualification in Spain: Driving While Banned (Arts. 384 & 468 CP)
• Court Summons as a Suspect: What to Do Step by Step (2026)
• Creating an AI nude from a real photo: unlawful processing of personal data
• Credit Card Forgery: Article 399 bis of the Criminal Code
• Crime vs. Misdemeanor in Spain: Classification Guide 2026
• Crimes Against Public Administration: A Practical Legal Guide
• Crimes against the market and consumers in Spain: false advertising, price manipulation and insider trading (Arts. 282 to 285 CP)
• Crimes Against Workers' Rights: Legal Guide 2026
• Crimes in the Family Business in Spain: the Art. 268 CP Family Exemption
• Criminal Case in Spain While Living Abroad: Defence Without Travelling
• Criminal Cassation Appeal in Spain 2026: Viable Grounds and Strategy
• Criminal Compliance for SMEs: A Practical Guide for Spanish Companies
• Criminal Compliance in Spain 2026: Is It Mandatory? A Company Guide
• Criminal Compliance: the Corporate Shield Against Liability
• Criminal conviction for using trade secrets to launch a rival firm (arts. 278-280 CP)
• Criminal Damage in Spain (Article 263 CP): Fines, Aggravated Types and Defence (2026)
• Criminal Defence for High-Profile Individuals
• Criminal Defence in ESG Investigations in Spain: 2026 Strategy
• Criminal due diligence in M&A: Art. 130.2 of the Spanish Criminal Code
• Criminal Liability for Deepfakes of Public Figures in Spain
• Criminal Liability of AI: Can an Algorithm Go to Jail?
• Criminal Liability of the Sole Director or Board Member (Art. 31 CP)
• Criminal Organisation vs Group: Arts. 570 bis & ter CP
• Criminal Records in Spain: How to Check & Clear Them (Guide 2026)
• Criminal Records: How to Clear Them and How Long It Takes (2026)
• Criminal Threats & Blackmail: Legal Guide to Art. 169 CP
• Crypto-Assets and the Treasury: The New Frontier of Tax Crime
• Cryptocurrency and Money Laundering in Spain: Criminal Risks
• CSRD: Impact on the Criminal Audit of Multinationals in Spain
• Customs and Smuggling Offences: When It Is a Crime and How It Is Defended
• Cyber Sexual Harassment in Spain: Which Offences Apply and How to Defend (Art. 172 ter CP)
• Cyberstalking on Social Media in Spain: What Evidence You Need
• Cyberstalking: When Digital Obsession Becomes a Crime
• DAC8 Crypto Tax Reporting Reaches Spain: When Undeclared Crypto Becomes a Criminal Offence
• Damage to Historical Heritage (Art. 323 CP): Graffiti, Monuments and Listed Sites
• Deadlocked 50/50 Company in Spain: Criminal and Commercial Solutions
• Decisions Declining Objective Jurisdiction May Be Appealed in Cassation
• Deepfakes and Procedural Truth: Can We Believe What We See?
• Deepfakes as Evidence in Spain: Digital Forensic Defence (2026)
• Democratic Memory and Hate Crime: What Actually Changed
• Denial of Shareholder Rights in Spain: Art. 293 CP Explained
• Deportation Instead of Prison in Spain: How Article 89 CP Works
• Detainee Rights at the Police Station: What You Must NEVER Do (2026)
• Digital Document Forgery: From Signatures to Edited PDFs
• Digital Evidence in Spain 2026: Supreme Court Case Law
• Digital Exhibitionism before Minors: Article 185 CP on Webcam, Video Calls and Social Media
• Director and Officer Criminal Liability and the D&O Policy
• Disclosing Secrets vs Breaching Official Secrets: How Access to Information Makes the Difference
• Disclosure of Secrets: 2026 Guide (Phones, Emails and the Workplace)
• Disclosure of Secrets: Digital Privacy and the Workplace
• Disqualification Penalties (Arts. 39 to 47 CP): Content, Duration and Real Effects
• Disrespecting a Police Officer or an Authority: Is It a Crime? (Art. 556 CP)
• Document Forgery: Art. 390-399 CP ▷ Types and Penalties 2026
• Domestic Abuse in Spain: Art. 153 (Occasional) vs Art. 173.2 (Habitual)
• Doping in Sport: Art. 362 quinquies CP and LO 11/2021
• Drink-Driving Limits 2026: Rejected in March, Back Before Parliament
• Drink-Driving on an E-Scooter (VMP) in Spain: Fine or Criminal Offence? (2026)
• Drink-Driving With an Accident and Injuries: The Concurrence of Arts. 379.2, 142 and 152 CP
• Driving after losing all your points (Art. 384 CP): the notice is the key
• Driving Offences in Spain as a Foreigner: DUI, the Fast-Track Trial and What Happens to Your Licence
• Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: Art. 379.2 CP
• Driving Without a Licence or After Losing Your Points in Spain: Penalties
• Driving Without a License in Spain: Prison Penalties 2026
• Driving Without Ever Having Held a Licence in Spain (Art. 384 CP)
• Drones and Criminal Law: Espionage, Damages, and Air Safety
• Drug Driving in Spain: Influence vs. Presence (Art. 379.2 CP)
• Drug Houses and Dealing Premises: the Aggravated Offence of Art. 369.1 CP
• Drug Possession vs Trafficking in Spain: Where Is the Line? (2026)
• Drug Trafficking for Home Marijuana Cultivation: Defence
• Drug Trafficking Sentence for a First Offence in Spain
• DUI Criminal Defence in Spain 2025: Alcohol, Breathalyser & Rights
• DUI Defence (Art. 379 CP): Breathalyser & Licence
• DUI Speedy Trials: The Margin of Error as a Key to Acquittal
• Electoral Crimes in Spain (LOREG): Who Is Liable and Defence
• Electricity Theft and Utility Fraud: the Offence Under Arts. 255-256 CP
• Embezzlement of Public Funds: The Offence of Art. 432 CP
• Emerging Crypto-Asset Crimes: Digital Euro, Smart Contracts, DAOs and Influencers (2026 Guide)
• EncroChat & SkyECC: Nullity of Evidence in Drug Trials
• Enforcing a Criminal Judgment in Spain: Finality, Sentence Computation and Incidents
• Environmental Crime: Article 325 of the Criminal Code
• Environmental Crimes in Spain: When Discharges Are Criminal
• ESG and criminal compliance: how Article 31 bis CP can exempt a company from criminal liability in Spain
• ESG Compliance and Criminal Liability in Spain (2026)
• Europe's New Anti-Money-Laundering Rulebook (AMLR and AMLA): Cash Limits and Criminal Exposure in Spain
• European Arrest Warrant Between Spain and Germany: How It Works
• European Arrest Warrant in Spain: Fighting Extradition
• Exceeding the Investigation Time Limit Does Not Void Evidence or Require Dismissal
• Exhibitionism & Sexual Provocation: Arts. 185 & 186 CP and Defence (2026)
• Extendable Baton as a Prohibited Weapon: STS 217/2026 Upholds Conviction
• Extension of a Restraining Order in Spain: When and How
• Extortion: What It Is, the Penalties and How to Act as Victim or Accused
• Extradition Between Spain and Argentina: The 1987 Treaty and the Procedure
• Extradition Between Spain and Brazil: The 1988 Treaty and the Procedure
• Extradition Between Spain and Colombia: The 1892 Convention and the 1999 Protocol
• Extradition Between Spain and Morocco: The 2009 Convention and the Procedure
• Extradition from Spain to Mexico: The 1978 Treaty and Its Two Protocols
• Extradition from Spain to Peru: The 1989 Treaty and Its 2009 Amendment
• Extradition from Spain to the Dominican Republic: Treaty, Refusal and Procedure
• Extradition from Spain to the United Kingdom Post-Brexit: What Changed
• Extradition from Spain to the United States: Process and Grounds for Refusal
• Extradition from Spain to Venezuela: Treaty, Grounds for Refusal and Procedure
• Extradition of International Clients: How It Is Defended
• Extraordinary Prison Furloughs in Spain: How to Apply and Defend Them
• Failure to Assist and Hit-and-Run: When It Is an Offence and the Penalties
• Failure to Prevent an Offence (Art. 450 CP): When Not Acting Is a Crime in Spain
• Fake 'Payment Manager' Job Offer: How You Are Turned Into a Money Mule
• Fake Invoices in Spain: Which Crime? Forgery, Accounting and Tax Offences (2026)
• False Accounts: The Offence of Art. 290 of the Criminal Code
• False Accusation (Art. 456 CP): Consequences and Defence in Spain
• False Accusations in Domestic Violence: Defence
• False Certificates (Arts. 397-399 CP): Penalties by Who Issues Them
• False Driver Identification on a Traffic Fine: When It Becomes a Crime (Arts. 392 and 456 CP)
• False Sexual Assault Accusations in Spain: How to Defend Yourself (2026)
• False Sexual Offence Accusation: How to Act (2026 Guide)
• False Testimony in Civil and Employment Cases (Art. 458 CP)
• Family Abandonment in Spain: Criminal Consequences of Non-Payment of Maintenance
• Family Exemption from Criminal Liability (Art. 268 CP): When It Applies
• Fast-Track DUI Trial: How Long Does It Take? (2026)
• Fast-Track Trial for Assault: What to Expect & How to Prepare
• Fatal or Injury Workplace Accident: the Concurrence Between Art. 316 and Reckless Homicide
• First-Grade Prison Classification in Spain: How to Appeal (2026)
• Fit of Passion or Obfuscation (Art. 21.3 CP): Requirements and Limits
• Flora and fauna offences (arts. 332-336 CP): illegal hunting, fishing and prohibited methods in Spain
• Forgery of an ID Card, Passport or Licence: Art. 392 CP
• Forgery of Postage Stamps and Stamped Effects (Art. 389 CP)
• Fraud vs Breach of Contract in Spain: When Is It Criminal?
• Free and Provisional Dismissal: Articles 637 and 641 LECrim
• Freedom of Expression Does Not Protect Hate Speech That Incites Violence
• Fuel Supply to Drug Boats (Art. 568.2 CP) in Spain
• Full Sentence Serving and the Security Period: Article 78 of the Criminal Code
• Gender Violence Defence: Strategies Against False Accusations
• Generative AI Scams: Deepfakes, CEO Fraud and Defence in Spain
• Genetic Manipulation: the Offences of Articles 159 to 162 CP
• Groping and Unwanted Touching: Sexual Assault and Defence (Art. 178 CP)
• Group sexual assault in Spain: how Article 180.1.1 CP aggravates the joint action of two or more people
• Habeas Corpus in Spain: What It Is and How It Works
• Hacking: The Offence of Illegal System Access (Art. 197 bis CP)
• Handling Stolen Electronics (Art. 298 CP): Laptops, Consoles and Components
• Handling Stolen Scrap Metal (Art. 298 CP): Copper and Stolen Metal
• Hashish and Marijuana Trafficking (Art. 368 CP): Penalties and Large Quantity
• Hate Crimes and Discrimination: Criminal Defence Guide 2026
• Hate Crimes and LGBTI Protection in Spain: What Really Changed
• Hate Crimes on Social Media: Where is the Limit?
• Heroin Trafficking in Spain: Penalties, Aggravations and Defence (Art. 368 CP)
• Hidden Cameras: What Offence Is Recording Without Consent in Spain
• Home Searches and Consent: Supreme Court Doctrine on Inviolability of the Home
• Homicide vs Murder in Spain: Penalties and Defence 2026
• Hostess Club Owner or Manager: Criminal Liability in Spain and Defence
• How compliance exempts the company: Art. 31 bis 2 CP requirements
• How Long Does a Criminal Trial Take in Spain? Timelines (2026)
• How Much Does a Criminal Defence Lawyer Cost in Spain? Fees Explained (2026)
• How to Avoid Prison After a Positive Breathalyser in Spain
• How to Challenge a Speed Camera Reading: Attacking the Radar Evidence
• How to Choose a Criminal Defence Lawyer in Spain
• How to Defend Yourself Against Fraud Charges: Complete Guide
• How to Know If You Have Been Reported to the Police in Spain
• How to Report a Crime: Step-by-Step Guide (2026)
• How to Request a Pardon (Indulto): What It Is, Who Can Apply and How It Works
• How to Testify in a Criminal Trial: Expert Tips
• Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation: Where the Offence against Workers' Rights Ends and Art. 177 bis CP Begins
• I Received a Counterfeit Note in Good Faith and Spent It: Is It a Crime? (Art. 386 CP)
• I Was Falsely Accused and the Case Was Dismissed: Can I Sue?
• I've Been Arrested: What to Do? A Criminal Lawyer's Guide
• I've Been Robbed in Spain: What Do I Do? Step-by-Step Legal Guide (2026)
• I've Been Scammed: What Do I Do? Step-by-Step Legal Guide 2026
• Identification of the Accused Must Be Confirmed at the Oral Trial
• Identification Parades and Photo Identification in Spain: Safeguards and Evidential Value
• Identity Theft: 2026 Guide (Social Media and ID Documents)
• Illegal Data Access and Interception of Communications (Art. 197 bis CP)
• Illegal Exactions in Spain: Art. 437 CP and Improper Charges by Officials
• Illegal Firearm Possession: Art. 564 Criminal Code & Defence (2026)
• Illegal Labour Trafficking in Spain: Art. 312 CP and Employers
• Illegal Search and Seizure in Drug Cases in Spain
• Illegal Street Racing in Spain: Fine or Criminal Offence? (Art. 380 CP)
• Illegal Weapons Possession: Art. 564 Criminal Code
• Improper Fraud by Double Selling (Art. 251.2 CP): An Autonomous Offence
• Indirect Perpetration (Art. 28 CP): Liability for an Act Carried Out by Another
• Inducement to False Testimony: Presenting False Witnesses (Art. 461 CP)
• Industrial Espionage (Art. 278 CP) in Spain: Criminal Defence
• Industrial Property Crimes: Trademarks and Patents (Art. 274 CP)
• Initial Use of Violence Already Amounts to Commencement of a Sexual Assault in Spain
• Installing a Tracking App on Your Partner's Phone: Why It's a Crime and the Penalty
• Insurance Fraud in Spain: When a Faked Claim Is a Crime
• Intellectual Property Crime Requires a Pre-existing Original Work
• Intellectual property crime under Art. 270 CP: plagiarism and piracy
• International Drug Trafficking: From Art. 368 to Art. 370 CP
• Interpol Red Notice: What It Is and What to Do
• Is a Complaint Enough to Arrest? Gender Violence and Sexual Assault
• Is an expandable baton (telescopic defence) legal in Spain?
• Is CBD Legal in Spain? Sale, Flower, Cultivation and Driving (2026)
• Is Pepper Spray Legal in Spain? Requirements, Fines and Offence
• Is Smoking Cannabis Legal in Spain? What the Law Says in 2026
• Jewellery Fencing and Stolen Gold: the Art. 298 CP Offence in Cash-for-Gold
• Joint Perpetration in Criminal Damage: Supreme Court Doctrine on Art. 28 CP
• Jury Verdict Reasoning and Cassation Review in Spain: STS 58/2026
• Key Supreme Court Rulings on Sexual Offences (2024-2026)
• Knives and bladed weapons: what you can legally carry
• LECrim Precautionary Measures Reform 2026: Art. 544 bis and What's New
• Legal Costs in Criminal Proceedings: Who Pays When the Case Ends
• Limitation of the Penalty (Arts. 133-134 CP): When a Final Sentence Can No Longer Be Enforced
• Living with a Drug Trafficker Is Not Enough to Convict for Drug Trafficking
• Looting of Historical Heritage (Art. 323 CP): Archaeological Sites and Metal Detectors
• Malfeasance vs Influence Peddling: Differences and the Extraneus
• Mandatory Whistleblower Channel in Spain (Law 2/2023): Company Guide
• Maritime Piracy and Drug Trafficking in Spain: Art. 616 ter of the Criminal Code Requires No Profit Motive
• Market Manipulation and Insider Trading: the Criminal Risk of the Financial Professional (Arts. 284 and 285 CP)
• Match-Fixing and Sports Corruption (Art. 286 bis CP)
• MDMA and synthetic drug trafficking (art. 368 CP): why they cause serious harm to health and how the charge is defended
• Media Accompaniment for a Public Figure Under Criminal Investigation in Spain
• Medical Malpractice Criminal Law in Spain: Complete Guide 2026
• Medical Malpractice in Spain: Criminal Liability and Defence (2026)
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