Blog category
Cybercrime
24 articles on cybercrime: penalties, case law and defense strategy. See the practice area →
Article 264 Spanish Criminal Code: Computer Damage and Sabotage (2026)
Article 264 of the Spanish Criminal Code punishes deleting, damaging or altering another's data without authorisation. The aggravated forms, system sabotage (264 bis) and why ransomware adds extortion.
Fake 'Payment Manager' Job Offer: How You Are Turned Into a Money Mule
Fake 'payment manager' or 'financial agent' job offers are the usual way to recruit money mules without their knowledge. If you fell for one, that prior deception is the basis of your defence.
Money Mule in Spain: What Criminal Risk You Face and How to Defend It
Lending your account to receive and forward money from a scam is not a stand-alone offence: it is prosecuted as money laundering (Art. 301 CP), participation in the fraud or receiving stolen goods. The key is whether you knew the origin of the money.
They Searched My Phone or Cloud Without Authorisation: Is the Evidence Excluded?
Accessing an investigated person's phone, computer or cloud requires a specific, reasoned judicial authorisation (Art. 588 sexies LECrim). Without it, the evidence may be excluded (Art. 11.1 LOPJ) and drag down everything derived from it.
Illegal Data Access and Interception of Communications (Art. 197 bis CP)
Article 197 bis CP punishes accessing a system by breaching security measures and intercepting non-public data transmissions. Offence, penalties and defence in Spain.
Hacking: The Offence of Illegal System Access (Art. 197 bis CP)
Article 197 bis CP punishes accessing a computer system by breaching its security measures and without authorisation; damage and sabotage fall under article 264 CP.
Algorithmic Expert Evidence: How AI Is Introduced and Challenged in Criminal Proceedings
Facial recognition, biometric matching and automated forensic analysis: how AI-based evidence is validated and, above all, how it is challenged.
Algorithmic Bias in Predictive Justice: How the Defence Challenges a Decision Based on a Biased Model
Predictive patrolling and recidivism scores: why a biased model cannot ground either suspicion or conviction, and how it is challenged.
Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Proceedings: Evidence, Digital Identity and New Risks (2026 Guide)
Complete guide to the impact of AI and new technologies on criminal proceedings: cognitive attacks and deepfakes, post-quantum cryptography, eIDAS 2 digital identity, metaverse harassment and neuro-rights.
Criminal Liability for Deepfakes of Public Figures in Spain
Celebrities, politicians and athletes have become the preferred target of pornographic and propaganda deepfakes.
Deepfakes as Evidence in Spain: Digital Forensic Defence (2026)
Deepfakes are entering Spanish courts both as prosecution evidence and as a criminal instrument.
Bizum and WhatsApp Scams in Spain: How to Defend Yourself (Victim or Accused)
Bizum and WhatsApp scams: how to claim if you are a victim and how to defend yourself if you are accused of an online scam. Art. 248 CP. A practical 2026 guide.
What to Do If You Have Been Hacked in Spain: Complete Legal Guide (2026)
A step-by-step legal guide if your email, social media or phone has been hacked. How to report it, preserve evidence and claim damages. Arts.
Cyberstalking on Social Media in Spain: What Evidence You Need
Obsessive harassment over the internet (cyberstalking) is a defined offence. Find out which conduct constitutes it and how to prove it before the court, or…
AI and Criminal Law in Spain: Deepfakes, Fraud and New Risks
AI-generated deepfakes, automated fraud, and digital identity theft are creating new criminal categories.
Complete Guide to Technology Offences and Cybercrime
Discover the most common computer offences, from hacking to phishing, and the keys to technological criminal defence.
Digital Document Forgery: From Signatures to Edited PDFs
Is it a crime to modify a payslip with Photoshop to rent an apartment? Differences between public and private document forgery.
European Digital Identity (eIDAS 2): Criminal Implications
With the full rollout of the European Digital Identity Wallet, new types of crimes emerge.
Harassment in the Metaverse: First Final Rulings
Spanish courts issue the first prison sentences for virtual sexual assaults on avatars. We analyse the doctrine of 'digital moral integrity'.
Cybercrime in 2026: The Era of AI-Driven Cognitive Attacks
We start 2026 with a new criminal typology. Cybercriminals no longer just hack systems, they hack people using multimodal generative AI. Key defence strategies.
Vishing 2.0: When Your Child Calls Asking for Money (and It's Not Them)
AI voice cloning has perfected the 'distressed family member' scam. We analyse how to prove identity theft and trace VoIP calls.
Cyberstalking: When Digital Obsession Becomes a Crime
The crime of stalking (Art. 172 ter CP) in the age of social media. We analyse when unwanted repeated contact becomes a criminal offence punishable by prison.
AI and Criminal Proceedings: Defences Against Algorithmic Evidence
From 'predictive policing' to deepfakes in court. How criminal defence must adapt to new evidence generated by AI and the fight against algorithmic bias.
Deepfakes and Procedural Truth: Can We Believe What We See?
Generative AI allows impersonating identities in video and audio with frightening precision.
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