Blog category
Privacy & Confidentiality
10 articles on privacy & confidentiality: penalties, case law and defence strategy. See the practice area →
Article 199 Spanish Criminal Code: Breach of Professional Secrecy · Penalties and Defence (2026)
Art. 199 CP: revealing another person's secrets learned through one's occupation or work, the aggravated form for the professional with a duty of secrecy, the prior report requirement and the penalties.
Installing a Tracking App on Your Partner's Phone: Why It's a Crime and the Penalty
Tracking and partner-control apps are marketed as family safety tools, but installing one without consent on someone else's phone fits Art. 197 CP, carrying imprisonment of one to four years. What exactly is punished, when it is aggravated, and why evidence obtained this way is useless in court.
Unlawful Access to Medical Records: Art. 197.2 CP in Spain
Looking up someone else's medical record or health data without authorisation: Art. 197.2 CP, the Art. 197.5 aggravation, the file controller and the data-protection boundary.
Article 197 Spanish Criminal Code: Disclosure of Secrets (2026)
What Art. 197 CP punishes: an unofficial translation of its seven sections, the table of penalties and limitation periods, a partner's phone and work email, intimate images under Art. 197.7 and the complaint required by Art. 201.
Industrial Espionage (Art. 278 CP) in Spain: Criminal Defence
Industrial espionage (Arts. 278-280 CP) protects trade secrets with penalties of up to 5 years in prison.
Disclosure of Secrets: 2026 Guide (Phones, Emails and the Workplace)
When is it an offence to look at your partner's phone or read an employee's emails? We analyse Art. 197 CP, its penalties and workplace monitoring.
Disclosure of Secrets: Digital Privacy and the Workplace
Circulating an intimate video, accessing your partner's email or stealing your company's client list. It is all in Art.
Quantum Computing: The End of Professional Secrecy?
Quantum supremacy threatens to break the RSA encryption protecting banks and legal secrets. Do law firms face criminal liability if their data is exfiltrated?
Neuro-rights: Can a Judge Order a Scan of Your Memory?
With the advance of neurotechnology, we analyse the legal protection of mental privacy. Does a P300 brainwave analysis violate the right not to testify?
Drones and Criminal Law: Espionage, Damages, and Air Safety
Flying a drone is not a game. Invading neighbors' privacy or flying near airports can lead to serious prison sentences and astronomical fines.
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