Article 285 of the Criminal Code
TÍTULO XIII — Delitos contra el patrimonio y contra el orden socioeconómico
Previous versions
History of reforms to this article, from oldest to most recent, as recorded in the BOE’s consolidated legislation.
Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal.
In force from 24/05/1996 to 30/09/2004
In force from 01/10/2004 to 12/03/2019
In force from 13/03/2019 to 11/01/2023
Explanation and defense
What Article 285 of the Criminal Code punishes
Article 285 criminalises the use of inside information in financial markets, commonly known as insider trading. It punishes anyone who, directly, indirectly or through a third party, acquires, transfers or assigns a financial instrument, or cancels or amends an order relating to it, using inside information to which they had privileged access; it also punishes anyone who recommends that a third party use that information to carry out such transactions. A person is deemed to have privileged access if they sit on the issuer's administrative, management or supervisory bodies, hold a stake in its capital, learn the information through their professional or business activity, or obtain it through criminal activity.
The offence is only made out where one of three circumstances is present: a profit or loss of more than €500,000 is obtained or caused; the value of the financial instruments used exceeds two million euros; or there is a serious impact on the integrity of the market. Below those thresholds, the conduct may amount to an administrative securities-market infringement, but not a crime.
Penalty
The base penalty is six months to six years in prison, a fine of two to five years (or of one to three times the profit obtained, favoured or the loss avoided if that figure is higher), and special disqualification from the profession or activity for two to five years. The penalty is imposed in its upper half if the offender habitually engages in this practice, if the profit or loss is of notorious significance, or if the responsible person works for an investment firm, credit institution, supervisory authority or regulated-market operator.
Common scenarios
This offence typically arises where executives, advisers, auditors or employees with access to confidential corporate information —for instance, about a merger, a capital increase, unpublished financial results or a major corporate transaction— buy or sell shares in the affected company before that information becomes public, or leak the tip to relatives or close associates so they can trade on their behalf. It can also involve people outside the company who obtain the information indirectly, for example by overhearing a conversation or accessing an email, and use it knowing it is privileged.
Defense strategy
The defense should begin with a technical review of whether the information used was genuinely "privileged" in the legal sense —precise, not public, and capable of significantly affecting the share price—, since many transactions are explained by legitimate market analysis or by investment decisions predating the generation of the information. It is also decisive to check whether the quantitative thresholds that turn the administrative infringement into a crime are actually met, and to review the origin of the evidence, usually built from reports of the National Securities Market Commission, whose methodology and chain of custody must be closely scrutinised by the defense.
Quick reference
Orientative data computed from the highest prison term mentioned in this article. Aggravated or mitigated subtypes, non-custodial penalties and concurrence rules may alter the outcome in each specific case.
Highest prison term mentioned
6 years
Classification (arts. 13 & 33 CP)
Serious offense
Limitation period (art. 131 CP)
10 years
Accused of an offense under article 285?
Our team regularly defends those accused under intellectual property. Technical strategy aimed at dismissal or acquittal when legally viable.